BIOLOGY
UNIT I: Diversity in Living World
• What ii living? Biodiversity; Need for classification; Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature:
• Five kingdom classification: salient features and classification of Monem; Protista and Fungi into major groups: Lichens; Viruses and Viroids.
• Salient features and classification of plants into major groups, Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category);
• Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples).
UNIT 2: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
• Morphology and modifications; Tissues: Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, Stem, Leaf, inflorescence– cymose and necemose. Flower, fruit, seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus), Family (malvaceae, Cruciferae, leguminoceae, compositae, graminae).
• Animal tissues; Morphology, Anatomy, functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (Frog). (Brief account only)
UNIT 3: Cell Structure and function
• Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; Plant cell and animal cell; Cell envelope cell membrane, cell wall: Cell organelles, structure and function; Endomembrane system, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, Lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes. Plastids, micro bodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultra structure and function): Nucleus, nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.
• Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules, structure and function of proteins, carbodydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; Enzymes, types, properties, enzyme action, classification and nomenclature of enzymes,
• B Cell division: Cell cycle, Mitosis, meiosis and their significance.
UNIT 4: Plant Physiology
• Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition: Site of photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary idea); Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis: Cyclic and non cyclic and photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways: Factors affecting photosynthesis.
• Respiration: Exchange gases; Cellular respiration–glycolysis. fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport
system (aerobic); Energy relations– Number of ATP molecules generated: Amphibolic pathways: Respiratory quotient.
• Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and plant growth rate: Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulators–auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene
UNIT 5: Human Physiology
• Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only): Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans – Exchange of gases, transport of gases, regulation of respiration, Respiratory volumes: Disorders related to respiration, Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.
• Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; Composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system, Structure of human heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, Double circulation; Regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system, Hypertension, Coronary; artery disease. Angina pectoris. Heart failure.
• Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion – Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism: Human excretory system, structure and function: Urine formation., Osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function, Renin– angiotensin., Atrial Natriuretic Factor. ADH and Diabetes insipidus: Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi. Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney.
• Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement -ciliary, flagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle, contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions (To be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus): Joints: Disorders of muscular and skeletal system, Myasthenia gravis. Tetany, Muscular dystrophy. Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.
• Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; Generation and conduction of nerve impulse:
• Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system, Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid., Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas. Gonads: Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea):Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo–and hyperactivity and related disorders (Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes. Addison’s disease).
(Imp: Diseases and disorders mentioned above to be dealt in brief.)
UNIT 6: Reproduction
• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure: Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination– types, agencies and examples: Outbreeding devices; Pollen–Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events, Development of endosperm and embryo. Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special rnodes-apornixis, parthenocarpy. polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.
• Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems: Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary: Gametogenesis– spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation: Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea): Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).
• Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (5TD): Birth control– Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP): Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies, IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).
UNIT 7: Genetics and Evolution
• Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism–Incomplete dominance. Co–dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups. Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance: Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination, ln humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance, Haemophilia Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans–Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome. Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.
• Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material: Structure of DNA and R.NA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and
regulation, Lac Operon: Genome and human genome project: DNA finger printing, protein biosynthesis.
• Evolution: Origin of life: Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution. Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution–Variation (Mutation and Recombination), Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection: Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy–Weinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.
UNIT 8: Biology and Human Welfare
• Health and Disease: Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis. Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm, dengue, chikungunya): Basic concepts of immunology–vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse. Tobacco abuse
• Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.
UNIT 9: Biotechnology and Its Applications
• Principles arid process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).
• Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms – Bt crops: Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issues, Biopiracy and patents.
UNIT 10: Ecology and Environment
• Organisms and environment: Population interactions, mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes, growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.
• Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number; biomass. Energy
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction. Red Data Book, biosphere reserves. National parks and sanctuaries, Sacred Groves.
