CHEMISTRY
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
UNIT 1: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
Matter and its nature. Dalton’s atomic theory: Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound: Laws of chemical combination: Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae: Chemical equations and stoichiometry.
UNIT 2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of the hydrogen atom. Bohr model of a hydrogen alum– its populates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr’s model; Dual nature of matter, de Broglie’s relationship. Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom, its important features. Concept of atomic orbitals as one–electron wave functions: Variation of Ψ and Ψ2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals; Various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance: shapes of s, p and d – orbitals. electron spin and spin quantum number: Rules for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle. Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half–filled and completely filled orbitals.
UNIT 3: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
Kossel – Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy. Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity. Fajan’s rule, dipole moment: Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules.
Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory – its important features, the concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals; Resonance. Molecular Orbital Theory – Its important features. LCAQs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi–bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules
the concept of bond order, bond length, bond energy. Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications.
UNIT 4: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, stale functions types of processes.
The first law of thermodynamics – Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess’s law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond, dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, Ionization, solution.
The second law of thermodynamics – Spontaneity of processes; ΔS of the universe and ΔG of the system as criteria for spontaneity. ΔGo (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.
UNIT 5: SOLUTIONS
Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution – molality, molarity, mole fraction. percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapour pressure of solutions, Raoult’s Law – ideal and non–ideal solutions, vapour pressure – composition, plots for ideal and non–ideal solutions; Colligative properties of dilute solutions – a relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure; Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; Abnormal value of molar mass, van’t Hoff factor and its significance.
UNIT 6: EQUILIBRIUM
Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic equilibrium.
Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid–liquid, liquid – gas and solid–gas equilibria. Henry’s law. General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes. Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, Equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, the significance of ΔG and ΔGo in chemical equilibrium, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, Temperature, die effect of catalyst: Le Chatelier’s principle. Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius. Bronsted – Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid–base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water. pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the solubility of
sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions.
UNIT 7: REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number balancing of redox reactions. Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law and its applications.Electrochemical cells – Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard
electrode potential, half – cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement: Nernst equation and its applications; Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs” energy change: Dry cell and lead accumulator: Fuel cells.
UNIT 8: CHEMICAL KINETICS
Rale of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rale of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure, and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first–order reactions, their characteristics and half–lives, the effect of temperature on the rate of
reactions. Arrhenius theory. activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
UNIT 9: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, and chemical
reactivity.
UNIT 10: P– BLOCK ELEMENTS
Group–13 to Group 18 Elements
General Introduction: Electronic configuration, general trends in physical and chemical properties oi elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behavior of the first element in each group.
UNIT 11: D – AND F – BLOCK ELEMENTS
Transition Elements
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first–row
transition elements, physical properties. ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behavior,
magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation;, Preparation, properties, and uses of
K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
Inner Transition Elements
Lanthanoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation stales, lanthanoid contraction.
Actinoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation stales.
UNIT 12: CO–ORDINATION COMPOUNDS
Introduction to coordination compounds. Werner’s theory; ligands. coordination number, denticity. chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co–ordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding–Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of co–ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis extraction of metals and in biological systems).
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
UNIT 13: PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Purification – Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, chromatography, principles and their applications.
Qualitative analysis – Detection of nitrogen, Sulphur, phosphorus, halogens.
Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) – Estimation of carbon, hydrogen., nitrogen, halogens, Sulphur, phosphorus.
Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae: Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis.
UNIT 14: SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules, hybridization (s and p): Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur; Homologous series: Isomerism, structural and stereoisomerism. Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
Covalent bond fission – Hemolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations. and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles, nucleophiles.Electronic displacement in a covalent bond – Inductive effect, electrometric effect, resonance, hyperconjugation.Common types of organic reactions – Substitution, addition, elimination, rearrangement.
UNIT 15: HYDROCARBONS
Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions.Alkanes – Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane): Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.
Alkenes – Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen. Halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect): Ozonolysis and polymerization. Alkynes – Acidic character: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides: Polymerization.Aromatic hydrocarbons – Nomenclature, Benzene, structure and aromaticity: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: Halogenation, nitration. Friedel – Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono–substituted benzene.
UNIT 16: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS
General methods of preparation, Properties and reactions; Nature of C–X bond: Mechanisms of substitution reactions. Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons, DDT.
UNIT 17: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN
General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, uses. ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols:, mechanism of dehydration.
Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions:, halogenation. nitration and sulphonation., Reimer – Tiemann reaction.
Ethers: Structure.
Aldehyde And ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=0 group, relative reactivities of aldehydes
and ketones: Important reactions such as – Nudeophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN. NH3 and its derivatives),
Grignard reagent; oxidation: reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen): the acidity of α–hydrogen. aldol condensation,
Cannizzaro reaction. Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.
Carboxylic Acids
Acidic strength and factors affecting it
UNIT I8: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN
General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, uses.
Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character, identification of primary, secondary, tertiary amines their basic character. Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
UNIT 19: BIOMOLECULES
General introduction and importance of bio–molecules.
CARBOHYDRATES – Classification: aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), constituent
monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose and maltose).
PROTEINS – Elementary Idea of α–amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides., Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary,
quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
VITAMINS – Classification and functions.
NUCLEIC ACIDS – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA.
Biological functions of nucleic acids.
Hormones (General introduction)
UNIT 20: PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY
Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen. Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds: Detection of the following functional
groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl, amino groups in organic compounds.
- The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following:
Inorganic compounds; Mohr’s salt, potash alum.
Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p–nitro acetanilide. aniline yellow, iodoform. - The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – Acids, Bases and the use of indicators, oxalic–acid vs KMnO4. Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4.
- Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:
Cations – Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4
Anions – CO32−, S2–, SO42−, NO3–, NO2–, Clˉ, Brˉ, Iˉ (Insoluble salts excluded) Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:
1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4
2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
4. Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.
